I'll read that book on the inhibitors, and see if there's a better drug out there.
But cyclosporine proves that you can do this by inhibiting interferon-γ, upstream of the prostaglandins. I've read all about the cellular machinery, and I'm convinced that interferon-γ is the main product of cyclophilins—the transcription factors that cyclosporine binds to with such high-affinity that they were named after it.
So any immune resonse—be it from food allergy or infection—could upregulate interferon-γ. Totally eliminating linoleic acid would be a good idea as well (impossible, I know).
I think cortisol mainly works through TGF-β . . . which diffuses to other cells and transcribes COX-2, producing more prostaglandins.
It all ends with prostaglandins, and I think they have a fundamental role in controlling the hair cycle through the PPAR receptors. Something has to do it, as we all know that hair follows a cycle. The only things which rise and fall naturally in accord with the hair cycle seem to be TGF-β and prostaglandins, and too much linoleic acid and interferon-γ likely upset this balance.
Aspirin inhibits all COX-2 enzymes, so it will inhibit all prostaglandins. The COX-2 inhibitors do provide good evidence that the ratio matters more than the total amounts.
But COX-2 inhibitors do nothing about arachidonic acid released from phospolipse A₂. Arachidonic is a hormone in its own right, and can act on the PPAR receptors. This could be one reason why a COX-2 inhibitor alone is not enough.
Inhibiting COX-2 without inhibiting phospolipse A₂ should lead to high level of arachidonic acid within the cell.
The best thing to do might be to avoid linoleic acid; This is difficult. I just read this here 2004 article on the "Hair Cycle," and they seemed so confused back then:
Paus, Ralf, and Kerstin Foitzik. "In search of the “hair cycle clock”: a guided tour." Differentiation (2004)
Ralf Paus is like the world's leading expert on the hair cycle and admits that he doesn't have a clue. He does mention cyclosporine twice and FK-506 once, to give you an idea of how effective this is.
But this was pre-Garza, so there was no mention of prostaglandins. Perhaps this is why he had no clue what molecular events were responsible for controlling the hair cycle. But he did mention the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, which is highly involved in prostaglandins although this aspect of it is generally ignored. You can only focus on a few things in the cell at once, but everything out of scope is still happening (although not actually being measured).
This is more interesting than you might think at first, as the hair cycle is essentially the only cyclical biological phenomenon (besides the circadian rhythm: controlled by light.) When a hair is removed from the skin, it retains the same rhythm; this shows that it doesn't not depend of signals from other cells to function normally.
I think it's gotta be cytokines creating prostaglandins that work through the PPAR receptors, along with high linoleic acid and allergies creating noise in the signalling. I'll find-out later today what controls the keratin genes in the hair follicle, as keratin is the real physical cause of hair growth—keratin it is hair growth.
I am almost certain that nearly all the keratin genes will be found to have PPAR response elements—certain sequences of DNA which indicate what it controlling it.
I'll keep looking into this. As always, I'm learning quite a bit about other areas of biology and biochemistry in the process of learning about this one. The hair cycle provided me an introduction to how cytokines actually work, and how prostaglandins are formed.
There are two forms of prostaglandin D₂ synthase: one in the cell, and one in the blood. I get the feeling that perhaps there's so much arachidonic in that is spills-over in the lymph, where bloodborn prostaglandin D₂ synthase creates prostaglandin D₂. It could be part a syptom of arachidonic acid overload, but Garza had shown that it causes hair loss directly; so it's probably both a cause and en effect.
Mice bred to lack PPARγ have scarring alopecia. This is important, as PPARγ transcribes genes that help to detoxify excessive prostaglandins (through peroxisomes.)
Perhaps if you can say it in one sentence., I would simply say excessive arachidonic acid release—linoleic acid being the only precursor.
I don't try anything. I'm just write and read science. But I am certain that oleuropein would work, to an extent, but not as much as cyclosporin can.
You should check out my latest post! It appears that keratin is under control off PPARγ, and inhibited by PPARs β and δ. Keratin essentially is hair, and this could be the final link.
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Sounds good. Inhibiting COX-2 while replacing it with only PPARγ agonists might be a good idea. Oleoropein appears to be a PPARγ agonist (and a COX-2 inhibitor) but we still need to find out where all this prostaglandin D₂ is coming from. There are two types of this enzyme: one in cell and one in the blood.* I get the feeling that it's coming from the blood.
*Lipocalin-like prostaglandin 2 synthase. Must find-out more about this enzyme
Haven't looked into that one yet, but it's small—making it readily-diffusable.
Oleocanthal, basically the aglygone of oleuropein, has been found more effect at inhibiting COX-2. This was headlined in the journal nature a few decades ago. Oleuropein appears to be a PPARα agonist. This is good, as PPARα appears to control half the hair keratin genes—the other half being controlled by PPARγ. The prostaglandin receptors PPARβ/δ are the ones which inhibit PPARα/γ, and activating this has been shown to cause hair loss in rats. It's these receptors that prostaglandin D₂ must activate.
This would explain why prostaglandin D₂ causes hair growth, while some inhibit it. They activate different PPAR receptors—some controlling keratin, and some inhibiting it directly in the nucleus.
Check-out how close the β-catenin pathway is the prostaglandins. As far as I'm concerned, it is simply the prostaglandin pathway when the researchers decide to focus on proteins and don't even measure lipids. You can measure only half the signal (proteins), surely, but it makes more sense when you keep your eye on the prostaglandins as well. Many of these molecular biologists specialize in gel electrophoresis, and don't use the gas chromatography and thin plate chromatography needed to measure prostaglandins. I think the β-catenin pathway could be like watching an Olympic curling match thinking the guy brushing is controlling the entire motion of the stone.
A reasearcher proved a few years ago that β-catenin can't do anything without PPARγ and a prostaglandin. They work in tandem.