Minerals, Vitamins Hormones - Interactions

[Aleksandr]

MINERALS

Phosphorous (P)

Synergistic Agents:
Metabolic - Ca, Mg, TCT (Thyrocalcitonin - lowers Ca and P in blood, promotes formation of bone), B-complex vitamins
Absorption: Na, K, Ca, STH (growth hormone - stimulates growth / regeneration), vitamin D, PTH (parathormone - bone remodelling), H+

Antagonistic Agents:
Metabolic - PTH kidney (parathormone - bone remodelling)
Absoption - Ba, Sr, Be, Ca (excess), Al

Factors Affecting availability from Diet:
Decreased
Vegeterian diet
High calcium, iron, magnesium, aluminium in diet
Vitamin D deficiency
Increased
Vitamin D
High fat diet
STH, PTH
Low calcium diet

Relationship to other Minerals:
Ca - absorption and metabolic synergist; antagonist in excess
Mg - Synergist in metabolism
Na, K - synergist in absorption
Sr, Be, Ba, Al - sequesters in the gut
Fe - segregates in the gut

Relationship to vitamins:
Inositiol - hexaphosphate ester (phytate) segregates divalent ions in gut
B-complex - Most require P for biological activity
Vitamin D- increases absorption of P in gut and in kidney

Relationship to hormones:
PTH (parathormone - bone remodelling) - increases P absorption in gut, increases P excretion in kidney, and bone resprotion
STH (growth hormone) - increases P absorption in gut and decreases P excretion in kidney
C-AMP -Cyclic AMP (intracellular signalling) - Functions as secondary messenger for hormones
Cortisol, T4 - increase bone resorption

Calcium (Ca)

Factors Affecting availability from Diet:
Decreased
Low protein diet
High fat diet
Excessive divalent metals and phosphates
Alkali ingestion
Increased
High protein diet
Hypocalcemia
Acidity in gut
Vitamin D and PTH

Synergistic Agents:
Metaolic - Some functions (Mg, Na, K)
Absorption - Vitamin D, PTH, lysine, arginine, lactose

Antagonistic Agents:
Metabolic - some functions (Mg, Na, K)
Absorption - Glucocorticoids, calcitonin, T4, phytate, oxalate, PO4 (phospate - phosphorous's biological form), Mg, F

Relationship to other Minerals:
Mg - Absorption antagonist, synergist in bone and metabolism
Na - Antagonist or synergist to Ca, depending on Organ and Concentration
P - Absorption synergist (antagonist in excess Ca), synergist in bone
F - Absorption antagonist
Fe - Utilization stimulated by Ca (hematopoiesis)

Relationship to vitamins:
Vitamin D - synergist in absorption
Vitamin A - synergist in absorption
Vitamin C - synergist in bone growth

Relationship to hormones:
PTH - regulates Ca in blood (decreases blood Ca)
TRH - Ca releases TRH
Calcitonin - Regulates Ca in blood (decreases blood Ca)
ADH - Ca releases ADH
Cyclic AMP - Ca inhibits adenyl cyclase

Magnesium (Mg)

Synergistic Agents:
Metabolic (some functions) - Na, K, Ca
Absorption - Vitamin D (?), lactic acid, lactose

Antagonistic Agents:
Metabolic (some functions) - Ca, Na, K
Absorption - Ca, phytates, P, F, Na, fats

Factors Affecting availability from Diet:
Decreased
Insolubility of Mg compounds
Alcoholism, diarrhea, old age
Cooking in water
Low Mg content in food
Low protein diet
Increased
Solubility of Mg compounds
Ca deficiency
High Protein diet

Relationship to other Minerals:
Ca - antagonist or synergist to Mg, depending on system
Na - antagonist or synergist to Mg, depending on system
K - antagonist or synergist to Mg, depending on system
F - absorption antagonist (DAMN BRO)
P - Absorption antagonist

Relationship to vitamins:
B1 - cofactor in glucose metabolism
D - absorption synergist
B6 - Mg acts as binding agent in enzyme reactions
C - synergist in collagen synthesis

Relationship to hormones:
PTH - Regulation of Ca + Mg in bone
STH - synergist in growth action
T4 - increases intracellular Mg


Sodium (Na)

Synergistic Agents:
Metabolic (some functions) - K, Mg, Ca
Absorption - Glucose

Antagonistic Agents:
Metabolic (other functions) - K, Mg, Ca
Absorption - Ca

Factors Affecting availability from Diet:
Decreased
Boiling food in cooking
Increased water intake
Vegetarian diets
Diarrhea

Increased
Salting food in cooking
Increased processing of foods and use of them
Eating habits, craving for salt
Meat diets

Relationship to other Minerals:
K - synergist in Na-K pump, antagonist in intracellular reactions
Ca - antagonist in absorption, synergist in bone metabolism
Mg - antagonist in absorption, synergist in bone metabolism
P - Synergist in pH maintenance
HCO3 - Synergist in CO2 transport (as NaHCO3)

Relationship to vitamins:
B6 - involved in electrolyte balance
D - possible synergist in bone metabolism with Na

Relationship to hormones:
Aldosterone - Na decreases aldosterone output
ADH - Na increases ADH output

Potassium (K)

Synergistic Agents:
Metabolic (certain functions) - Ca, Mg, Na, insulin
Absorption - Ionophores

Antagonistic Agents:
Metabolic (some functions) - Ca, Mg, Na
Absorption - Ca

Factors Affecting availability from Diet:
Decreased
Boiling food in cooking
Excessive use of salt
Meat Diets
Increased processing of foods and use of them
Diarrhea
Increased
Vegetarian diets
Use of salt substitutes

Relationship to other Minerals:
Na - Synergistic in Na-K pump, antagonistic in intracellular reactions
Ca - antagonist in aobsorption, synergist in effects on smooth muscle
Mg - Antagonist in absorption, synergist in anesthetic actions
P - synergist in pH maintenance (intracellular)
HC03 - synergist in CO2 transport in RBCs

Relationship to vitamins:
B6 - involved in electrolyte balance
D - involved in Ca-K antagonisms in absorption

Relationship to hormones:
FSH - K increases secretion of FSH
ADH - K increases ADH output
Aldosterone - K increases aldosterone output
Insulin - K is synergistic to insulin
STH - is synergistic to K in growth

Zinc (Zn)

Synergistic Agents:
Metabolic - Vitamins A, D, E, B6, Mn, STH, insulin, testosterone
Absorption - Pancreatic ligands, chelating agts, amino acids, peptides

Antagonistic Agents:
Metabolic - Cu, Fe, Cd, 6-mercaptopurine
Absorption - Cu, Cd, Fe, Cr, Co, Mn, Se

Factors Affecting availability from Diet:
Decreased
Phytic acid in diet (vegeterian, soybean, cereals)
Bulk in diet
Zn - poor soilds for vegetables
Boiling vegetables

Increased
High-protein diet
Zn deficiency
Chelated complexes of Zn
High-Zn content of water for drinking
Zn-enriched or acid soils for vegetables

Relationship to other Minerals:
Cu - absorption and metabolic antagonist to Zn
Cd - absorption and metabolic antagonist to Zn; major toxin
Fe - absorption and metabolic antagonist to Zn
Cr - absorption antagonist (competitive)
Ca - absorption antagonist (competitive)
Mn - absorption antagonist (competitive)
P - absorption antagonist (sequestrant)

Relationship to vitamins:
A - mobilised from liver by Zn
D - affects Zn intestinal absorption in some animals
E - synergist with Zn
B6 - synergist with Zn
Niacin - NAD a cofactor with many Zn metalloenzymes

Relationship to hormones:
Insulin - Zn comple with insulin; synergism with Zn (carbohydrate metabolism)
STH - synergism with Zn in growth
Testosterone - synergistm with Zn in growth
Cortisol - increased urinary excretion of Zn , lowered serum Zn levels
Progesterone - lowered serum Zn levels


Iron (Fe)

Synergistic Agents:
Metabolic - Porphyrin, Cu, Se, Mo, B12, folic acid, ceruloplasmin
Absorption - Alcohol, histidine, lysine, gastroferrin, vitamin C, citric, lactic, pyruvic, succinic acid, lactose, fructose, glucose, sucrose, sorbitol, prophyrin

Antagonistic Agents:
Metabolic - Zn, Co
Absoption - Phytate, phosphate, egg proteins, long-chain fatty acids, Mn, Co, Ni, Zn, Ca, Mg, Cd, Cu, desferrioxamine

Factors Affecting availability from Diet:
Decreased
Senescenece
Cu deficiency
Achlorhydria
Antacids
Vegetarian diet
Boiling of food

Increased
Animal foods
Hypoxia
Accelerated eryhropoiesis
Iron cooking utensils


Relationship to other Minerals:
Co, Zn, Cd, Cu, Ni, Mn - competitive absorption inhibitors
Mo - with Fe in xanthine oxidase
Cu - as ceruloplasmin acts as ferroxidase
Cu - with Fe in cytochrome oxidase
Pb - inhibits heme synthesis
Zn - deficiency mimics Fe deficiency anemia
Se - with Fe in glutathione peroxidase
Co - as B12 synergises hemoglobin production

Relationship to vitamins:
B2 - cofactor with iron for succinic and NAD dehydrogenase (FAD)
b6 - deficiency increases Fe absorption
B12, folic acid - Synergises Fe, control pernicious anemia

Relationship to hormones:
Cortisol - Diurnal variation of serum Fe (via Cu)
Epinephrine, norepinephrine - Synthesis requires Fe enzyme
Erythropoietin - Stimulates RBC formation

Cobalt (Co)

Synergistic Agents:
Metabolic - I, Mn, penicillin, Cu, Zn
Absorption - Same as iron (Alcohol, histidine, lysine, gastroferrin, vitamin C, citric, lactic, pyruvic, succinic acid, lactose, fructose, glucose, sucrose, sorbitol, prophyrin)

Antagonistic Agents:
Metabolic - I
Absorption - Fe, EDTA, same as iron (Phytate, phosphate, egg proteins, long-chain fatty acids, Mn, Co, Ni, Zn, Ca, Mg, Cd, Cu, desferrioxamine)

Factors Affecting availability from Diet:
Decreased
Food in stomach
Protein in diet
(see also b12 in vitamins section)

Increased
IRon deficiency
Hemochromatosis
(see b12 in vitamins section)

Relationship to other Minerals:
I - Co antagonises thyroid absorption of I
Mo - synergist with Co in N-fixing bacteria
Cu - Synergist with Co in RBC production (as b12)
Zn - synergist with Co in RBC production (as b12)
Fe - antagonist in absorption of Co, synergist in RBC production (as b12)
Mn - antagonist in absorption of Co

Relationship to vitamins:
B12 - Co is central atom
C - increase Co absorption in gut (chicks)
Folic Acid - Cofactor with B12 in prevention of anemia

Relationship to hormones:
T4 - Co antagonises release of T4
Cyclic AMP - Co increases levels in kidney
Glucagon - Release stimulated by Co
insulin - Release inhibited by Co
Erythropoietin - release stimualted by Co
Testosterone - synergises erythropoietin and B12

Copper (Cu)

Synergistic Agents:
Metabolic - Fe (respiration)
Absorption - Amino acids, duodenal proteins

Antagonistic Agents:
Metabolic - Zn, Fe, Mo, Cd, Ag
Absorption - Fe, Cd, Hg, Ag, Mo, Zn, Ca, SO4, S, porphyrins, bile proteins, vitamin C

Factors Affecting availability from Diet:
Decreased
Hig pH in gut
Increased age
Boiling foods
Uncooked protein

Increased
Cu deficiency
Cu cooking utensils
Divalent Cu forms
Cooking meat
Raw vegetables
Absorption synergisers

Relationship to other Minerals:
Fe, Cd, Hg, Ag, Zn - competitive absorption inhibitors for Cu
SO4, Mo - ntestinal Sequestrants for Cu
Fe - Synergistic with Cu in heme synthesis
Zn, Cd - present iwth Cu in metallothionin

Relationship to vitamins:
B6 - Cofactor for various Cu metalloenzymes
B2 - FAD a cofactor for diamine oxidase (Cu enzyme)
C - inhibits absorption of Cu
C, folic acid, B12 - partially compensate for Cu deficiency anemia

Relationship to hormones:
Estradiol, progesterone - increase serum Cu (cerulplasmin)
Cortisol, ACTH - decrease serum Cu
Testosterone - Increase serum Cu
Epinephrine, norepinephrine - synthesis is by Cu metalloenzymes
Cortisol, progesterone - synthesis involves Cu-dependent enzyme


Chromium (Cr)

Synergistic Agents:
Metabolic - Insulin, glucose, Mg, B6, Zn
Absorption - Oxalates, perchlorates, salicylates

Antagonistic Agents:
Metabolic - Glucagon
Absorption - Zn, V, Fe, Mn, phytates

Factors Affecting availability from Diet:
Decreased
Refining of foods
Soil quality
Aging
Hexavalent form
Inorganic form

Increased
Organic fomplex form
Chelating agents

Relationship to other Minerals:
Zn, V, Mn, Fe - absorption inhibitors or competitors
Mg- synergist with Cr in enzyme action
Zn - synergist with insulin and Cr

Relationship to vitamins:
Niacin - Part of GTF
B6 - Synergist with Zn and Cr
Pantothenic Acid - synergist in stress response

Relationship to hormones:
Insulin - Synergist to GTF
Glucagon - antagonist to insulin and GTF
Cortisol - antagonism to insulin and GTF

Manganese (Mn)

Synergistic Agents:
Metabolic - Vitamin K, choline, Zn
Absorption - Ethanol (alcohol)

Antagonistic Agents:
Metabolic - Mg, Cu, V, Fe
Absorption - Ca, P, Fe, Co, Soy protein

Factors Affecting availability from Diet:
Decreased
Refining of foods (ie wheat)
Alkaline soils
Increased
Fe deficiency
Acid soils
Organic forms of Fe
Water content

Relationship to other Minerals:
Mg - Can substitue for Mn as cofactor, certain enzymes
Cr - improves glucose tolerance (similar to Mn)
Cu, Zn, Fe - co-metals in superoxide dismutases
Fe, Cu, V, Mg - metabolic antagonists
Zn - metabolic synergist
Ca, P, Fe, Co - absorption antagonists

Relationship to vitamins:
K - synergist in blood clotting
C, B1 - synergists in acetylcholine synthesis
Biotin - Cofactor for pyruvate carboxylase
Choline - synergist in lipotropic action

Relationship to hormones:
Cortsol - Mn ligand found in tissues (mice)
EStrogens - Increase Mn serum levels (chicks)
Insulin - Mn involved in pancreatic homeostasis
T4 - Mn involved in synthesis
Norepinephrine, epinephrine - Catecholamine synthesis involvement
L-Dopa - relives Mn toxicity, causes accumulation of Mn in liver

Iodine (I)

Synergistic Agents:
Metabolic - (as T4, T3) progesterone, MSH, STH, prolactin, oxytocin, vasopressin, cortisol, histamine, serotonin, insulin, epinephrine, norepinepherine
Absorption - Amino acids

Antagonistic Agents:
Metabolic - T4 action (Mg, ouabain, PTH); T4 synthesis: thiouracil, resorcinol, Co, thiocyanates, thioureas, glucosinolates
Absorption - As Iodide (cyanide, perchlorates, nitrates, thicyanates, reducing agents); as oganic I (Hb, liver, soybean and cottonseed meal)

Factors Affecting availability from Diet:
Decreased
Inland areas (water, air, local foods)
Cooking foods
Goitrogens in foods
Increased fecal output

Increased
Proximity to seashore
Seafood diet
Iodized salt
Idopgors in cleaning
Food additives - kelp, alginates, etc

Relationship to other Minerals:
Mg - Cofactor for T4-activated enzymes
Br, NO3, CIO4, Co - iodide transport inhibitors
Co - metabolic antagonist

Relationship to vitamins:
A - T4 needed for liver syntesis of vitamin A
C- synergist in cold survival
B12 - absorption aided by T4
Niacin - synergist in mitochondrial metabolism
B-complex - deficiency develops in hyperthyroidism

Relationship to hormones:
TSH - stimulates production of T4
Cortisol - increases renal output of iodide
FSH - inhibited by T4
Estradiol - increases PBI
Testosterone - decreases PBI
STH - synergises T4 (also progesterone, insulin, oxytocin, vasopressin, prolactin)
Serotonin - Increases iodide in skin
MSH, ACTH - increase iodine uptake by thyroid
PTH - antagonist to T4


Fluorine (F)

Synergistic Agents:
Metabolic - Fe, Mg, Mo
Absorption - Fats

Antagonistic Agents:
Metabolic - Na, Mg, Ca, Cl
Absorption - Al, Ca, Mg, Cl, Fe

Factors Affecting availability from Diet:
Decreased
Drinking water low in F
Cooking in low-F water

Increased
F deficiency
Soluble forms
Fat in diet
Excessive heating of Teflon-coated ware
High-F drinking water

Relationship to other Minerals:
Mg - Metabolic and absorption antagonist; metabolic synergist
Ca - Metabolic and absorption antagonist
Fe - Absorption antagonist; metabolic synergist
Al - absorption antagonist
Cl - absorption and metabolic antagonist
HCO3 - Replaced by F in bone
Mo - Synergistic in tooth development

Relationship to vitamins:
Vitamin D - antagonist in Ca absorption (intestinal)

Relationship to hormones:
Cyclic AMP - synthesis stimulated by F
PTH, TCT - bone metabolism synergists or antagonist of F


Selenium (Se)

Synergistic Agents:
Metabolic - Vitamin E, vitamin C, glutathione
ABsorption - amino acids, peptides, proteins

Antagonistic Agents:
Metabolic - Ag, As, Cd, Hg, TI
Absorption - Hg, Cu, Ag, Cd, SO4, TI

Factors Affecting availability from Diet:
Decreased
Food processing, water cooking
Se- deficient soils for food plants
Hg-contaminated animal food sources
Animal protein diet - fish, poultry, meat

Increased
Hig protein diet (plant)
Se-sufficient soils for food plants
Chelated forms of Se
Plant protein diet - alfalfa, soybean yeast

Relationship to other Minerals:
Hg, Cu, Ag, Cd, TI, SO4 - antagonists to Se (absorption)
Hg, TI, CD, Ag, As - metabolic antagonists to Se
As- causes biliary excretion of Se
SO4 - increases urinary output of Se
Hg - potentiates toxicity of trimethyl selenomium
Fe - found in glutathione peroxidase (Se)

Relationship to vitamins:
E- synergist as antioxidant
C- synergist as antioxidant
Niacin - glutathione functions require it (NAD)
CoQ - Se involved in synthesis of CoQ

Relationship to hormones:
Anabolic steroids - Control excretion of trimethyl selenomium
Prostaglandins E and F - conversion from G form requires glutathione PX


Molybdenum (Mo)

Synergistic Agents:
Metabolic - Cu, Fe, F
Absorption - no data

Antagonistic Agents:
Metabolic - WO4, Cu, Mn, SO4
Absorption - Cu, SO4, methionine, protein

Factors Affecting availability from Diet:
Decreased
High-protein diet
Acid soils for food plants
Mo-depeleted soils for food plants
Cu or SO4 in diet

Increased
Mo-enriched soils for food plants

Relationship to other Minerals:
F - synergist in tooth development
Fe - cofactor in various heme enzymes
SO4, WO4, Zn - nutritional antagonists

Relationship to vitamins:
FAD (B1) - Cofactor for xanthaine and aldehyde oxidase
NAD (B3) - cofactor for xanthine dehydrogenase

Relationship to hormones:
Sex hormones - sexual impotency of older male may dpeend on Mo (?)
T4 - levels of T4 affected by Mo

 

[Aleksandr]

VITAMINS


Vitamin A

Synergistic Agents:
Antagonistic Agents:
Factors Affecting availability from Diet:
Relationship to other Minerals:
Relationship to vitamins:
Relationship to hormones:

 

[Aleksandr]

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[Aleksandr]

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[Aleksandr]

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[Aleksandr]

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[Aleksandr]

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[Jkm7389]

Holy shit man. Thanks for this post!

 

[vicecaz]

Didn't see the post before
Great job
Does one know why " boiling food " is said to be bad for the availability of Zn, Na, K.. while the other way of cooking are not mentioned ?

 

[MNK99]

--Denaturing (and Coagulating) Proteins. Good to kill bacteria and make eggs easier to digest (cooking). ... Not sure. ---they leave it up to you to figure it out.
--Raw maybe ideal? Carnivore Diet like the Sardine Emporor tried makes more and more sense (as a possible way. I won't do that, but could help others).
-Maybe minerals dissolve in the water and evaporate? Gaseous minerals ? Acid Rain?

 

[Jkm7389]

Didn't see the post before
Great job
Does one know why " boiling food " is said to be bad for the availability of Zn, Na, K.. while the other way of cooking are not mentioned ?

Boiling can leech both water soluble and fat soluble nutrients alike. Obviously the water itself draws out the water soluble nutrients, but in terms of the fat solubles it's that boiling water renders fat out of food into the aqueous matrix. Essentially boiling your food is like making an extract lol. That's why traditionally boiled food wasn't eaten sans cooking water after it was cooked, it was instead eaten as a soup or stew .

 

[SwaZ]

I need to stop boiling my food then

 

[MNK99]

some food must be fine boiled. like broth....................................................................................................................................
wait a minute. part of the reason for my recent short fast, was there was meat in the fridge didn't know if it was cooked, it tasted cooked but not super cooked, rare, which i like. medium rare. it felt too rare, put in broth, and boiled it, then it cooked. then i was sick. felt food poisoning but was later told, indeed it was cooked medium at least.

 

[vicecaz]

Thanks for the replies gentlemen
I always drink the broth when I boil meat or veggies
I should probably eat more raw food though, I barely do except spinach salad, raw carrots, carpaccio sometimes

 

[joekool]

GREAT POST! Awesome data!

 

[Jkm7389]

I agree with @MNK99 that some foods must be boiled, specifically things like spinach. You may want to be careful @vicecaz eating raw spinach in that aside from the goitrogens it contains, it also contains a high concentration of oxalic acid. Oxalic acid has been implicated as a contributing factor to kidney stones and Gout, so it's probably best to quick boil your spinach on high for a minute (literally one minute) and then remove from water and gently strain it. This should remove most of the oxalic acid, denature the goitrogens, and still leave enough nutrients in the spinach to make it worthwhile to eat. Spinach, without salt, drained, boiled, cooked: nutritional value and analysis

 

[Aleksandr]

Some things to consider:

You probably shouldnt mix the following minerals (or foods high in these minerals) due to absorption antagonism:

Ca and Mg
Mg and P
Mg and Na
Na and Ca (it seems Ca wins out here)
K and Ca (seems Ca wins out again)

 

[Aleksandr]

I will be taking yogurt out of my magnesium rich smoothie following this info.

 

[RebelWithACause]

I read that it is more maximum absorption which is more than you would be able to eat in most meals. When you get over that % body will take more calcium instead of magnesium for example.

TEI for example still gives calcium with magnesium.

I will see next hair test what happened.

 

[Jkm7389]

I will be taking yogurt out of my magnesium rich smoothie following this info.

I'm curious what goes in your high Mg smoothie?